Occurrences and Results of Acute Kidney Injury after Endovascular Aortic Abdominal Repair?

PURPOSE: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an important postoperative complication that may impact mortality and morbidity. The incidence of AKI after elective endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is not known well. The aim of this study is to assess the incidence of AKI after elective EVAR and examine the impact of AKI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were collected and analyzed retrospectively from 78 elective EVARs for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) among 102 total cases of conventional EVAR performed in Inha University Hospital from 2009 to 2015. The primary endpoint was incidence and risk factors of AKI. Secondary endpoints included drop in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and the mortality of AKI. RESULTS: We included 78 patients (17 females, 21%; mean age, 73.9±12.5 years; mean AAA diameter, 59.3±8.9 cm), 11 (14.1%) of whom developed AKI. Within 48 hours, those with AKI experienced a decrease in eGFR from 65.5±21.2 to 51.2±19.6 mL/kg/1.73 m2, and those without AKI showed a change from 73.1±9.2 to 74.2±10.7 mL/kg/1.73 m2. There were no patients who required dialysis during follow-up (mean, 24.2±18.0 months). Development of AKI was related to operation time (odds ratio [OR], 2.024; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.732–4.723; P < 0.010) and contrast dose (OR, 3.192; 95% CI, 2.182–4.329; P < 0.010). There were no differences in mortality between the 2 groups (P=0.784). CONCLUSION: The incidence of AKI after EVAR was related to operation time and contrast dose, but was not associated with medium-term mortality.

Extensor Indicis Brevis: A Case Report / 대한정형외과학회잡지

Anatomical variations of the extensor tendon of the hand are common. However, the majority of anomalous variations are asymptomatic throughout a lifetime and are found incidentally during surgery or after trauma of the hand. The index finger has two independent extensor tendons and lower incidence of anomalous variations than other extensor tendons. We experienced a rare muscular variant of extensor indicis proprius (EIP) during a tendon reconstruction for spontaneous rupture of the 3rd and 4th extensor digitorum communis. Tendon reconstruction using EIP was planned preoperatively. However, EIP was absent and anomalous muscle known as extensor indicis brevis, which originated from the capsular ligament of the wrist and inserted into the ulnar side on the 2nd extensor digitorum communis of the extensor hood, was found. We performed tendon reconstruction using an alternative surgical procedure because extensor indicis brevis was not useful. Attention is required during tendon reconstruction because anatomical variation of EIP may affect a surgical procedure.

Failed Extensor Indicis Proprius Tendon Transfer for Extensor Pollicis Longus Tendon Rupture after Distal Radial Fracture

Open reduction and internal fixation using volar plating for the treatment of distal radial fractures (DRFs) is becoming an increasingly popular method. Tenosynovitis of extensor tendons causes delayed extensor pollicis longus (EPL) tendon rupture which known as complication following screw penetration of the dorsal cortex after volar plating for DRFs. As the reconstructive procedure for a closed ruptured EPL tendon in minimal displaced DRF, extensor indicis proprius (EIP) transfer is widely used. However, tendon injuries of the fourth compartment, which includes the extensor digitorum communis or EIP, can be caused by screw irritation after volar plating for DRFs. We encountered a rare case of failed EIP tendon transfer for delayed EPL tendon rupture after volar plating for a DRF. Because the EIP tendon can also be damaged by screw penetration, care must be taken to use EIP tendon for treatment of delayed EPL rupture after volar plating for DRFs.

Arthroscopic Treatment of Subchondral Bony Cyst in Early Osteoarthritis of the Hip Joint Using Allogeneic Bone Graft: A Report of Two Cases / 대한고관절학회지

Subchondral bony cyst, large solitary or multiple cysts in acetabular dome usually exacerbate progression to degenerative osteoarthritis in the hip joint. But it can be treated through arthroscopic intervention. We report two cases that treated by arthroscopic curettage and bone graft for subchondral bony cysts in early osteoarthritis of the hip joint, and it may delay progression to moderate osteoarthritis.

Shaft Fractures of Both Forearm Bones: The Outcomes of Surgical Treatment with Plating Only and Combined Plating and Intramedullary Nailing

BACKGROUND: Plate fixation is the most commonly used technique for the treatment of shaft fractures of both forearm bones (SFBFBs). However, all fractures are difficult to treat with plate fixation because of soft tissue injuries, fracture patterns, or the patient's condition. The purpose of this study is to compare the functional results of plate fixation only and combined plate and intramedullary (IM) nail fixation in SFBFBs. METHODS: Fifty-nine cases of SFBFBs that were surgically treated from June 2007 to July 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. In this study, 47 cases that were followed up for more than 12 months were included. All SFBFBs were divided into two groups according to the methods used for internal fixation: plate fixation only (group A) and combined plate and IM nail fixation (group B). The fixation methods were determined intraoperatively. Plate fixation was considered as the first option in all cases, but combined plate and IM nail fixation was selected as the second option if it was difficult to be fixed with plate only. Groups A and B comprised of 31 and 16 cases, respectively. The functional results were evaluated by the Grace and Eversmann rating system and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire. RESULTS: In groups A and B, a radiologic union was achieved in 30/31 and 14/16 cases and average union time was 11.1 and 17.8 weeks, respectively. According to the Grace and Eversmann rating system, group A had excellent results in 15 cases, good in 14, acceptable in one, and unacceptable in one. Group B had excellent results in three cases, good in nine, acceptable in two, and unacceptable in two. The average DASH score was 7.1 points (range, 0 to 19.2 points) in group A and 15.1 points (range, 0 to 29.6 points) in group B. Three cases of nonunion with unacceptable results achieved a bony union by additional procedures and the functional results of these cases improved to good or excellent. CONCLUSIONS: The functional results and the average union time were superior in group A than in group B. However, we think that combined fixation is a useful method for SFBFBs that cannot be treated with plate fixation only.

Unstable Simple Elbow Dislocation Treated with the Repair of Lateral Collateral Ligament Complex

BACKGROUND: Unstable simple elbow dislocation (USED) repair is challenged by the maintenance of joint reduction; hence, primary repair or reconstruction of disrupted ligaments is required to maintain the congruency and allow early motion of the elbow. We evaluated the effectiveness and the outcome of lateral collateral ligament (LCL) complex repair with additional medial collateral ligament (MCL) repair in cases of USED. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 21 cases of diagnosed USED without fractures around the elbow that were treated with primary ligament repair. In all cases, anatomical repair of LCL complex with or without common extensor origin was performed using suture anchor and the bone tunnel method. Next, the instability and congruency of elbow for a full range of motion were evaluated under the image intensifier. MCL was repaired only if unstable or incongruent elbow was observed. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS) and radiographic outcomes on last follow-up images. RESULTS: All cases achieved a stable elbow on radiographic and clinical results. LCL complex repair alone was sufficient to obtain the stable elbow in 17 of 21 cases. Four cases required additional MCL repair after restoration of the LCL complex. The overall mean MEPS was 91 (range, 70 to 100): excellent in 12 cases, good in 7 cases, and fair in 2 cases. All 17 cases with LCL complex repair only and 2 of 4 cases with additional MCL repair had excellent or good results by MEPS. CONCLUSIONS: USED requires surgical treatment to achieve a congruent and stable joint. If the repair of lateral stabilizer such as LCL complex acquires enough joint stability to maintain a full range of motion, it may not be necessary to repair the medial stabilizer in all cases of USED.

Evaluation of Associated Carpal Bone Fractures in Distal Radial Fractures

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency and distribution of associated carpal bone fractures (CBFs) in distal radial fractures (DRFs). METHODS: Three hundred and thirteen patients who underwent surgical treatment for DRFs between March 2007 and January 2010 were reviewed retrospectively. In this study, 223 patients who had preoperative computed tomography (CT) were included. We investigated the frequency and distribution of associated CBFs on CT scans. The relationship between the frequency of associated CBFs and patient factors such as age, gender, body mass index, and the mechanism of injury was assessed. RESULTS: CBFs were complicated in 46 of 223 DRFs (20.9%). The distribution of CBFs was 23 cases in the triquetrum, 16 in the lunate, 12 in the scaphoid, five in the hamate, and four in the pisiform. Among the 46 cases, a fracture of one carpal bone occurred in 36 cases, two in seven cases, three in two cases, and four in one case. In 10 of the 46 cases, associated CBFs occurred in more than two carpal bones. No significant differences were observed for age, sex, body mass index, or the mechanism of injury between patients with DRFs and CBFs and those without CBFs. CONCLUSIONS: Because CBFs that mainly occur in the proximal carpal row are complicated in DRFs at a relatively high frequency, assessment of carpal bones using CT scans is beneficial.

The Incidence of Osteoporosis and the Related Factors Among Injured Sites in Above 50 Year-old Patients with Fractures Caused by Low-energy Trauma / 대한골다공증학회지

OBJECTIVES: To compare the incidence of osteoporosis and the related factors among fracture sites in above 50 year-old patients with fractures caused by low-energy trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven hundred and fourteen patients with fracture from low energy trauma were evaluated retrospectively. By the Dual-energy x-ray absorptionmetry, we measured bone mineral density (BMD) at lumbar spine and proximal femur, and compared the incidence of osteoporosis, age, sex, body mass index (BMI), previous fracture history, past osteoporosis medication history according to each fracture sites. RESULTS: BMD was decreased according to increasing age with statistical significance (P<0.001). Sex has no significant difference according to fracture site (P=0.141). Average age of patients with osteoporotic fracture was 73.8, 72.8, 66.3, 73.4, 78.3 years old according to fracture site as T-spine, L-spine, distal radius, proximal humerus and proximal femur, respectively. There was significant difference among groups (P<0.001). Average BMI related with osteoporotic fracture site was 22.9 kg/m2, 22.7 kg/m2, 23.4 kg/m2, 23.0 kg/m2, 21.7 kg/m2, respectively and it showed significant difference among groups (P<0.001). Average bone mass and T-score related with osteoporotic fracture site was 0.587 g/cm2 (-3.5), 0.614 g/cm2 (-3.1), 0.647 g/cm2 (-2.6), 0.597 g/cm2 (-3.1), 0.554 g/cm2 (-3.5), with significant difference among groups (P<0.001). Previous fracture history had no significant difference among groups (P=0.078). Previous osteoporosis medication history had significant difference among the groups (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In low-energy traumatic fracture, age, BMI and previous osteoporosis medication history are significantly related factors with BMD and osteoporotic fracture. Early diagnosis of osteoporosis and osteoporotic medication use is effective for decrease incidence of low-energy osteoporotic fracture.

Avascular Necrosis of the Head of the Third Metacarpal Bone / 대한정형외과학회잡지

Avascular necrosis of the metacarpal head named as 'Dieterich disease' is a very rare condition. Because of the lack of information about the natural course and treatment of this disease, the ideal treatment has not been established as yet. We report a case of avascular necrosis that occurred at the 3rd metacarpal head after fractures of the 4th and 5th metacarpal base; this was treated conservatively and obtained the spontaneous resolution.

Acute Gluteal Compartment Syndrome without Gluteal Hematoma: A Case Report / 대한고관절학회지

Acute gluteal compartment syndrome (AGCS) is a rare condition associated with trauma, drug abuse, alcohol intoxication, prolonged immobilization, hip arthroplasty and epidural anesthesia. We report the case of a 42-year-old woman presenting severe buttock pain following decreased lower extremity motor function after an incident whereby she rolled down a flight of stairs. We performed fasciotomy of the gluteal fascia in order to provide relief from acute gluteal compartment syndrome. At the 2 month follow up visit her sensory and motor function had improved. Acute gluteal compartment syndrome is a rare condition which can result in misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis. Careful consideration is needed for patients suffering severe buttock pain.

Acute Gluteal Compartment Syndrome without Gluteal Hematoma: A Case Report / 대한고관절학회지

Acute gluteal compartment syndrome (AGCS) is a rare condition associated with trauma, drug abuse, alcohol intoxication, prolonged immobilization, hip arthroplasty and epidural anesthesia. We report the case of a 42-year-old woman presenting severe buttock pain following decreased lower extremity motor function after an incident whereby she rolled down a flight of stairs. We performed fasciotomy of the gluteal fascia in order to provide relief from acute gluteal compartment syndrome. At the 2 month follow up visit her sensory and motor function had improved. Acute gluteal compartment syndrome is a rare condition which can result in misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis. Careful consideration is needed for patients suffering severe buttock pain.

Arthroplasty for Neglected Dislocation of the Carpometacarpal Joint of the Thumb: A Case Report

Pure dislocation of 1st carpometacarpal (CMC) joint is uncommon and may be missed initially. The neglected dislocation of 1st CMC joint can be reduced by open method and required capsular repair or ligament reconstruction for stability of 1st CMC joint. We experienced the patient with an old dislocation of 1st CMC joint which was recognized 9 months after the injury. Open reduction was impossible, therefore we treated by the trapezial excision and ligament reconstruction tendon interposition arthroplasty, resulting in painless functional joint.

The Incidence of Osteoporosis and the Necessity of Bone Mineral Density Measurement in Distal Radius Fractures by Minor Trauma / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: In this study, we examined the incidence of osteoporosis and the related factors in distal radius fractures (DRFs) caused by minor trauma, as well as the necessity of a bone mineral density (BMD) measurement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and sixty patients, who had their BMD measured after DRFs caused by minor trauma, were enrolled in this study. The BMD was measured at the lumbar spine and proximal femur by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The BMD values were categorized as normal, osteopenia and osteoporosis by the WHO T-score criteria and each incidence was investigated. The BMD values were compared with the change of age and among age-based groups. The relationship between the BMD and factors such as age, gender, body mass index, or AO classifi cation were assessed. The agreement in BMD values between the lumbar spine and proximal femur was evaluated. RESULTS: The incidence of osteoporosis in DFRs by minor trauma was 74%. The minimum BMD in the DRFs had a negative correlation with age. Signifi cant differences in the BMD values were observed between the groups divided by the 10-year-old intervals (p<0.001) but the differences in the groups aged over 60 were signifi cantly lower than those under the age of 60 (p<0.001). There was a close relationship between the BMD values and the patients' age (p<0.001), but not between the BMD values and the AO classifi cation (p=0.670). The simple agreement between the lumbar spine and proximal femur was 0.619, but the Kappa index was 0.305. CONCLUSION: Because the incidence of osteoporosis in the DRFs by minor trauma is relatively high, it is necessary to measure the BMD. The BMD should be measured at more than two body parts to ensure that osteoporosis accompanied by DRFs is not missed.

Distal Femoral Rotational Alignment Based on Mechanical Axis of the Femur: A 3-Dimensional Computed Tomographic Scan in Vivo Assessment / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: To measure and to analyze the relationships among the rotational axes of the distal femoral region by means of 3-dimensional (3D) computed tomographic (CT) images taken perpendicularly to the mechanical axis and a 3D rendering program. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty cases involving the lower extremity were included in this study, which used 3D computed tomographic angiograms. CT images of the perpendicular cross-sections to the mechanical axis of the femur were obtained by processing 3D recombinant images using Aquaris NET(R). The following anatomical angles were obtained from axial imaging using the 3D reconstructed bone model: transepicondylar axis, surgical transepicondylar axis, anteroposterior axis, and real posterior condylar axis. RESULTS: In the tomographic images, the angles to the real posterior condylar axis formed by the anatomical femoral transepicondylar axis, the anatomical femoral transepicondylar axis, and the anteroposterior axis were 6.34+/-1.23degrees, 2.43+/-1.56degrees, and 96.52+/-1.77degrees, respectively. The angles to the anatomical femoral transepicondylar axis formed by the anteroposterior axis and the surgical femoral transepicondylar axis were 90.19+/-1.61degrees and 3.91+/-0.90degrees, respectively. In the recombinant 3D femur model, the angles to the real posterior condylar axis formed by the anatomical femoral transepicondylar axis and the anteroposterior axis were 6.29+/-1.86degrees, and 93.33+/-3.76degrees, respectively. And, the angle for anteroposterior axis from anatomical transepicondylar axis was 87.04+/-4.11degrees. CONCLUSION: The method of measuring the rotational axes of the distal femur using the CT image taken perpendicularly to the mechanical axis is considered reproducible. In particular, the measurement method using the anatomical transepicondylar axis is more accurate than that using the anteroposterior axis.

Changes in the Hand Strength and Related Factors after Carpal Tunnel Decompression / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: Our goal was to investigate an improvement in hand strength and its associated factors after carpal tunnel decompression in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2008 and January 2009, a total of 31 patients (50 hands) treated with carpal tunnel decompression for carpal tunnel syndrome were enrolled into the study. Hand-strength was assessed pre- and post-surgery. In the pre-operation evaluation, we assessed multiple factors and investigated the association between these factors and recovery of hand strength. RESULTS: All patients regained hand strength after surgery. On average, the grip strength was 14.8 kg preoperatively, 13.0 kg at 6 weeks, 16.2 kg at 3 months, 18.7 kg at 6 months, and 20.6 kg at 1year postoperatively. The tip-pinch strength was 3.4 kg preoperatively and improved to 3.9 kg at 6 weeks, 4.0 kg at 3 months, 4.4 kg at 6 months and 4.7 kg at 1 year postoperatively. The key-pinch strength showed same pattern of improvement. The recovery of grip strength was significantly slower in patients with longer duration of carpal tunnel syndrome, with diabetes, or with nocturnal pain. There was no factor affecting the recovery of tip-pinch strength. Recovery of key-pinch strength was slower in patients that had experienced a longer duration of symptoms. CONCLUSION: Grip strength and pinch strength were recovered within 3 months and 6 weeks, respectively, after carpal tunnel decompression; both improved gradually until 12 months after surgery. Disease duration, diabetes, and nocturnal pain were significant factors that impacted on post-surgery recovery.

Arthroscopic Treatment of Femoroacetabular Impingement in Young Taekwondo Players / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: We wanted to evaluate the clinical results and the radiological and arthroscopic findings of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) in young Taekwondo players and to investigate the rate of returning-to-play Taekwondo and the recurrence rate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty Taekwondo players (16 males and, 4 females) who were arthroscopically treated for FAI from September 2003 to July 2008 were retrospectively analyzed. Their mean age was 21.6 years old (range: 17 to 32 years) and the mean follow up was 33.7 months (range: 24 to 71 months). Plain radiographs and 3 dimensional computed tomography were taken in all patients and magnetic resonance arthrography was performed in 11 with suspicious soft tissue lesions. Labral injury, cartilage injury and associated lesions were evaluated by arthroscopy. The preoperative and postoperative visual analogue scale (VAS), the modified Harris hip score (MHHS), the sports frequency score (SFS), and the non-arthritic hip score (NAHS) were compared. We investigated the rate of returning-to-play at postoperative 1 year and at postoperative 2 years and the recurrence rate within 2 years after surgery. RESULTS: There were 10 cam types, 1 pincer type and 9 mixed types. The mean alpha angle improved from 65.8 degrees preoperatively to 43.2 degrees postoperatively (p<0.001). Acetabular labral tears were accompanied in all cases and the most common tear site and type were at 2 o'clock and degenerative tear, respectively. In descending order, the acetabular cartilage injuries were located in the anterosuperior, posteroinferior and anterior portion, respectively. The femoral cartilage injuries were mostly located in the anterosuperior portion. The range of motion at the final follow-up showed improvement in all except abduction (p=0.262). The VAS, MHHS and SFS showed statistically significant improvement (p<0.001). The NAHS was improved, but without statistical significance (p=0.31). The rates of returning-to-play at postoperative 1 year and postoperative 2 years were 85% (17/20) and 75% (15/20), respectively. The recurrence rate within postoperative 2 years was 15% (3/20). CONCLUSION: As screening test for FAI in young Taekwondo players is necessary at the beginning of Taekwondo. Arthroscopic treatment in symptomatic Taekwondo players is an effective procedure that can improve the postoperative exercise frequency and function. Returning-to-play Taekwondo is associated with the clinical improvements and the patients' will.

Arthroscopic Analysis of the Radiologic Abnormalities of the Hip Associated with Anterior Femoroacetabular Impingement

PURPOSE: We wanted to arthroscopically analyze the femoral osseous abnormalities (bumps) in hips with anterior femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and the other radiologic abnormalities of the hip joint associated with this. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the radiographs of 45 patients (51 hips) who underwent arthroscopic treatment under the impression of FAI from January to August, 2008. The indications for surgery included persistent hip pain, the absence of advanced osteoarthritis, physical examination or MRA findings consistent with an acetabualr labral tear. Preoperative and postoperative plain radiographs (pelvis AP, frog-leg lateral, cross table lateral and the false profile view) were taken. As the occasion demanded, 3D-CT or MRA were performed. RESULTS: For the radiologic findings, a decreased head-neck offset (<8 mm) was seen in 15 hips. Femoral bumps were seen in 26 hips and among them, 11 hips were associated with acetabular retroversion, 5 hips were associated with a prominent acetabular rim and 13 hips were located on the flattening of the neck due to a decreased offset. Pistol grip deformity was found in 21 hips and acetabular retroversion was done in 32 hips. Regarding the secondary changes, spurs on the acetabulum of the femur were found in 14 hips and femoral bony cysts were found in 23 hips. Arthroscopically, all the hips had acetabular degenerative labral tear and the acetabular cartilage was injured in 32 hips (62.7%). Among them, 25 hips underwent acetabular retroversion. CONCLUSION: Femoral osseous abnormalities are seen in various locations and these abnormalities have various shapes. A considerable number were associated with pincer impingement and they could produce a 'kissing lesion' between the acetabulum and femur. Identification of these abnormalities on radiographs aids confirming FAI in hips with symptomatic early osteoarthritis.

Surgical Treatment of the Ruptured Achilles Tendon: A Comparative Study between Percutaneous and Open Repair / 대한족부족관절학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to compare and analyze the clinical outcomes of the percutaneous and open repair of acute Achilles tendon ruptures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective study on 24 patients (group 1) managed with percutaneous repair, and 21 patients (group 2) managed with open repair for acute Achilles tendon rupture. The postoperative evaluations were done by an Arner-Lindholm scale and AOFAS score. Postoperative overall satisfaction and cosmetic satisfaction were also evaluated. RESULTS: By Arner-Lindholm scale and AOFAS score, there was no difference between two groups (p<0.05). As for postoperative overall satisfaction, 5 cases were very satisfied, 16 cases were satisfied and 3 cases were fair in group 1. In group 2, 12 cases were very satisfied, 9 cases were satisfied. For postoperative cosmetic satisfaction, 13 cases were satisfied, 11 cases were fair in group 1. In group 2, 9 cases were very satisfied, 12 cases satisfied. In open repair group, a case of deep wound infection and three cases of skin necrosis were reported as complication. 2 cases of sural nerve injury were seen in percutaneous repair group and were recovered within 3 months. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous repair of acute Achilles tendon ruptures have high level of cosmetic satisfaction compared with open repair without any significant difference in clinical outcomes.

The Etiology of Residual Symptoms after Hip Arthroscopic Treatment of Femoroacetabular Impingement: Analysis Using Finite Element Modeling / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: To analyze, using finite element model analysis, the causes of postoperative pain in patients who had arthroscopic treatment for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten patients with FAI treated by arthroscopic surgery between July 2004 and July 2007 were selected. Five cases whose condition improved to a pain score of 3 postoperatively were assigned to comparative group A and 5 cases who had a second operation done due to a pain score of 1 were assigned to experimental group B. Finite element model analysis was done for the impingement test position. Femoral offset and alpha angle were measured to compare with contact pressure or von Mises stress. RESULTS: Preoperative von Mises stress and contact pressure were all higher in group B than group A. Maximal stress and pressure location was the anterolateral surface of the femoral head and neck, and this location was removed more accurately in group A. CONCLUSION: Finite element model analysis of FAI indicated that incomplete removal of a bump was the cause of pain, and that accurate location of the lesion and adequate bump removal are the definitive factors in reducing pain.

Arthroscopic Management of Femoroacetabular Impingement in Early Osteoarthritis of the Hip: 2 to 5 Year Results / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: To report the clinical and radiological outcomes of a mid-term follow-up of patients with femoroacetabular impingement treated using an arthroscopic method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of the patients who underwent an arthroscopic labrectomy (91 cases), femoroplasty (82 cases) or acetabuloplasty (9 cases) after a diagnosis of femoroacetabular impingement, 82 patients (91 cases) who had been followed up were examined. The preoperative and postoperative clinical outcomes were evaluated using the Modified Harris hip score, Hip Outcome Score, pain score and patient's satisfaction. The radiological assessment was performed by measuring the alpha angle, femoral offset, and center edge angle using simple radiographs and computed tomography. RESULTS: The patients consisted of 63 men and 19 women, whose mean age was 33.5 years (range, 15-70 years). The mean follow-up period was 42.2 months (range, 25-60 months). On the clinical results, the mean pain score improved from 0.72 points preoperatively to 2.02 points at the final follow-up. The Modified Harris hip score improved from 61.4 preoperatively to 83.4 at the final follow-up. The median patient satisfaction was 8.2 (range,0-10 points). On the radiological assessment, the alpha angle decreased from 60.9degrees to 40.4degrees, and the femoral offset recovered from 4.9 mm to 10.0 mm. CONCLUSION: The arthroscopic treatment of femoroacetabular impingement could be an excellent modality to prevent osteoarthritis of the hip. However, recovery of clinical results by arthroscopic treatment is not expected in elderly patients or those with developed osteoarthritis, a low preoperative Modified Harris hip score and concurrent degenerative disease.